The US ship, the MV Cape Ray, was fitted out with two $5m (£3m)
mobile hydrolysis systems, developed in 2013 by US military
researcher, specifically to deal with the chemicals.

sarin symbol s

  SARIN = Isopropyl-Methyl-Phosphoryl-Fluoride

SYRIAN  CONFLICT:- All Sarin Gas Chemicals Destroyed …

ship-MV-Cape-Ray-m

The MV Cape Ray was fitted out with mobile hydrolysis
system specifically to deal with the chemicals. See below ♦ 

Continue reading the main story:

The international chemical weapons watchdog says that all the precursor chemicals
for sarin gas removed from Syria have been destroyed
.

The 580 tonnes of chemicals were neutralised on board a specially built American ship in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) said the ship’s crew have now begun to neutralise 22 tonnes of sulphur mustard.

The process is part of a Russian-US deal to eliminate Syria’s arsenal.

The deal was drawn up after hundreds of people died in a sarin attack in the Ghouta area outside Damascus on 21 August last year.

The US ship, the MV Cape Ray, was fitted out with two $5m (£3m) mobile hydrolysis systems, developed in 2013 by US military researcher, specifically to deal with the chemicals.

A UN team was sent into Syria to oversee the removal of President Assad’s chemical stockpile OPCW chief ambassador Ahmet Uzumcu announced the completion of this stage of the process on Wednesday.

The two hydrolysis systems neutralised the precursor chemicals – methylphosphonyl difluoride – by mixing them with fresh water and “reagents” and then heating the mixture to reduce its toxicity.

Once the ship has processed the remaining sulphur mustard chemicals, all of the resulting effluents will be transported to Finland and Germany for disposal at land-based facilities.

Sarin-3-men-m

CBARR-news

Hydrolysis-system

sarin-attac.-Syria

…This means the 280 grams of sarin could be manufactured for
$130 and could  
kill over 10,000 people.

sarin-unfair-competition

sarin-gb-f

Sarin contains F. ff

            Sarin is also known as GB. 

        BUY THE INGREDIENTS  HERE  Cheap!

• dimethyl methylphosphonate

 • phosphorus trichloride

• sodium fluoride

• alcohol

radial-lin-blue

     

fluoridation-queensland-logo

new-devider-fq

2-owls-yellow-f

 

new-devider-fq

 

Air pollution caused more than 1.2 million premature deaths
in China in just one year

Pollution - China

Fluoride Vol. 37 No. 2 125–132 2004 Research Report 125

  FLUORINE IN CHINESE COALS  ←

Daishe Wu,a,b,c Baoshan Zheng,a Xiuyi Tang,d Shehong Li, a Binbin Wang,

a Mingshi Wang,a,b Guiyang, China  

CHINA PLANS TO SPEND $275 BILLION

 TO COMBAT POLLUTION CRISIS

31 JULY 2013

Written by Aviva Shen

     China’s air pollution levels have reached dire levels, even breaking the upper limits of the Air Quality Index earlier this year. In a sign the government is serious about tackling this crisis. The China Daily announced Thursday that China will spend $275 billion over the next five years to reduce emissions and launch anti-pollution programs.

The funds, which exceed the total economic output of Hong Kong last year, will target emissions in the densely populated area surrounding Beijing, where residents have suffered through off-the-charts pollution and all its accompanying illnesses. Air pollution caused more than 1.2 million premature deaths in China in just one year, while some Beijing schools are building air-purified domes over playgrounds so children can play “outside” safely. Anti-pollution protests have grown more and more prevalent all over the country.

These unsustainable conditions are directly linked to China’s rapid industrialization. Most of Beijing’s pollution stems from factories and power plants outside the city. China’s coal production has tripled in the past ten years as the nation’s energy consumption has exploded. The Chinese government, up til this year, has aggressively encouraged economic growth at the expense of the environment and public health.

But now that the environmental repercussions cannot be ignored, the government has done a hard about-face. New promised anti-pollution measures include speedy installation of pollution control equipment on coal-fuelled refineries, restrictions on high energy consumption industries like steel, cement and glass, and use legal action to force industries to upgrade their emissions standards.

Before Thursday’s announcement, China had already pledged $16 billion to specifically help Beijing build and update sewage and garbage treatment, plant new forests and curb illegal construction.

The nation also invested twice as much as the U.S. in clean energy projects last year.

This post was originally published at ClimateProgress.

Read more:

http://www.care2.com/causes/china-plans-to-spend-275-billion-to-combat-pollution-crisis.html#ixzz2amQosYLR

See also: 

FLUOROSIS — COAL BURNING  – CHINA

 106 Fluoride Vol. 36 No. 2 106-112 2003 Research Report

For Correspondence: Prof Wuyi Wang, Institute of

Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources

Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:

wangwy@igsnrr.ac.cn

ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF COALBURNING ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS AND

THE SAFETY THRESHOLD OF COAL FLUORIDE IN CHINA

Yonghua Li, Wuyi Wang, a Linsheng Yang, Hairong Li

Beijing, China

SUMMARY:  Data on coal-burning endemic fluorosis throughout China and on the exposure-response relationship between concentrations of fluoride determined in coal samples and the prevalence of dental fluorosis reported from 17 representative surveillance stations in Southwest China were used to estimate the safety threshold for coal fluoride. Coal-burning endemic fluorosis occurs mainly in the mountainous areas of this part of China, where the prevalence of the disease is closely linked to geochemical parameters of the local environment. In these regions the incidence of dental fluorosis has a significant positive correlation with the concentration of fluoride in coal. The safety threshold of coal fluoride is estimated to be 190 mg/kg by the criterion of 0% incidence of dental fluorosis.

Keywords: China; Coal fluoride; Endemic fluorosis; Safety threshold.

INTRODUCTION

     Fluorine (F), the most electronegative and reactive of the halogens, is a common chemical element in the earth’s crust in combined form. F concentrations in rocks and soils are well documented, but data on the F concentration in coal are relatively limited.

1-4 Swaine reported the total F concentration in coal ranges from 20 to 500 mg/kg.

5 Statistical data indicate that the mean concentration of F in coal worldwide is 80 mg/kg, but in China it is 200 mg/kg.

6 In the mountainous areas of Southwest China, it is even higher— up to 3106 mg/kg in local coal.

7 Fluoride in coal can be released into the ambient environment as atmospheric F, waterborne F, and residue F during mining, handling, and combustion.

6-8 In Southwest China, F

See also↓
 FLUOROSIS – COAL BURNING IN CHINA

End line

The Chinese have some coal for power stations. 

Queensland’s coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal
is needed by them to make steel.
Not very easy to do with steaming coal or solar power!

Coking Coal 
Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, has low sulphur and phosphorus content and can withstand high heat.
Coking coal is fed into ovens and subjected to oxygen-free pyrolysis, a process that heats the coal to approximately 1,100 degrees Celsius, melting it and driving off any volatile compounds and impurities to leave pure carbon. The hot, purified, liquefied carbon solidifies into lumps called “coke” that can be fed into a blast furnace along with iron ore and limestone to produce steel.

Steam Coal
Steam coal also known as thermal coal, is suitable for electric power production.
Steam coal is ground into a fine powder that burns quickly at high heats and is used in power plants to heat water in boilers that run steam turbines. These need to have Scrubbers on the smoke stacks.

solar-panels-china

fluoridation-queensland-logo

new-devider-fq

 sparrow-head-f

 

 

 

 


The radiative forcing of climate change associated with

emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the
atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2.

image-sulfuryl-fluoride

The use of the fluoride-containing pesticide, sulfuryl fluoride as a food fumigant (trade name ProFume ®) as well as the fluoridation of drinking water, also contribute to the release of fluoride from anthropogenic sources. Based on available data, phosphate ore production and use, as well as aluminium manufacture are the major industrial sources of fluoride release into the environment.

Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a radiatively active industrial chemical released into the atmosphere in significant (ktonne/year) quantities. The potential for SO2F2 to contribute to radiative forcing of climate change needs to be assessed.  Long path length FTIR/smog chamber techniques were used to investigate the kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3 with SO2F2, in 700 Torr total pressure of air or N2 at 296 ± 1 K. Upper limits of k(Cl + SO2F2) < 9 × 10−19, k(OH + SO2F2) < 1.7 × 10−14 and k(O3 + SO2F2) < 5.5 × 10−24 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were determined. Reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, or O3 does not provide an efficient removal mechanism for SO2F2. The infrared spectrum of SO2F2 is reported and a radiative efficiency of 0.196 W m−2 ppbv−1 was calculated. Historic production data estimates are presented which provide an upper limit for expected atmospheric concentrations. The radiative forcing of climate change associated with emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2.

Further research is urgently3 + SO2F2) < 5.5 × 10−24 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were determined. Reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, or O3 does not provide an efficient removal mechanism for SO2F2. The infrared spectrum of SO2F2 is reported and a radiative efficiency of 0.196 W m−2 ppbv−1 was calculated. Historic production data estimates are presented which provide an upper limit for expected atmospheric concentrations.

The radiative forcing of climate change associated with emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2.

Further research is urgently needed to define the magnitude of potential non-atmospheric sinks.

ufo-line
See also →
 Aust. Defence Bases Contaminated With PFOA (Fluoride)

ufo-line

we-both-need-f-free-f

fluoridation-queensland-logo

new-devider-fq

 

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
“Airborne fluorides have caused more worldwide
damage to domestic animals than any other air pollutant.”
Most Damage Payments Are “Out-of Court” Settlements.

~ FLUORIDE AND PLANTS ~

flowers in frame

Some Plants Are Very Sensitive to Fluoride Damage

Fluoride is considered to be the most phytotoxic pollutant and susceptible plant
species can be injured at ambient concentrations of about 0.8 pg F m4
(Weinstein and Alcsher-Herman, 1982).

Our List – Not Comprehensive

Alstroemeria,  |  Apricots,  |  Aspidistra spp.,  |  Calathea and Maranta spp.,  |   Chamaedorea elegans, |  Chiorophytum comosum Spider Plant,  |   Citrus,  |   Cordyline terminalis Good Luck Plant,  |   Corn,  | Chrysanthemums, |  Daylilies (Hemerocallis),  |   Dracaena spp.,  |   Gibasis pellucida Tahitian Bridal Veil,   |  Gladioli, | More on Gladioli,  |  Grapes,  |   Howea forsterana, |  Lilium spp.,  |  lichens (biomonitoring), | Mangos, | Maranta leuconeura  Prayer Plant,  |  Maize  |  Olive trees,   |  Parlor Palm,  |  Peaches,  |  Petunias,  |  Pine Trees (most),  |   Roses,  |  Snapdragons, |  Spathiphyllum spp .,  |   Tradescantia spp., |    Tulips,   | Yucca spp. |  Horse Chestnuts

“Fluoride and Tea Drinking”

            More info →  HERE  (Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association)

Some pine trees are very sensitive to fluorides and can be used
as bio-indicators for air [and water] pollution.

    Some ferns and rain forest plants can show sensitivity to
fluoride when watered on their foliage.

Fluoride-induced injury (air pollution) to coniferous forests can occur at a distance of 32 km from an emitting source, and total destruction of some species at 13 km distance. Fluorides are released into the air in both a gaseous state (as hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride) and in solid particles. The particles fall on, and the gases are absorbed by, vegetation near the polluting industry [or volcano]. If this vegetation includes forage crops, which are fed to cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, or kangaroos. (The EPA says fluoride from Alcoa’s aluminium smelter at Portland [Victoria] is making kangaroos sick. 23 Feb. 2010), serious problems can ensue, since these animals, particularly cattle are vulnerable to fluoride. In fact, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Airborne fluorides have caused more worldwide damage to domestic animals than any other air pollutant.”

[See also: Fluoride Injury Symptoms In Epiphytic Lichens And Mosses  HERE ]
See more further down this page.

Huge compensation payments have been made, – mostly as ‘Out of court settlements‘.


❝  The thing to note with plants is that plants will readily absorb fluorine that is sprayed [(irrigation,) or falls] on the leaves. If flood [or drip] irrigation is used, the plants accumulate far less fluoride due to calcium absorption in the soil and the plant’s discriminatory uptake through the roots  ❞

– Dr. Miller.

Leaf devider

f-tap-water-hydroponics-f

Leaf devider

        ↓ Extract from research paper 

Q.  If crops are grown [in soil] where there is fluorine contamination do they take up the fluorine and pass the trouble on to somebody else ?

A.  [R. Allcroft] No, it is not a case of passing it on to somebody else. It has been shown that most plants do not take up fluorine from the soil. There are exceptions: the tea plant and the camellia which appear to be fluorine collectors. Most grasses and root crops do not take it up from soils. It is mostly a question of contamination of the surface, there-fore humans get off lightly because we do not eat grass. The inner parts of cabbages and similar crops are not high in fluorine, only the outer coverings which are removed. Cereal grains are also quite safe…

Leaf devider

f. tox in plants

Fluorine Toxicity in Plants

Leaf devider

u-porto-logo

…The mechanism by which these produce this
fluorinated compound is not yet known…

Dichapetalum cymosum

Leaf devider

uni-of-illinois-ag-logo

“…Air pollution damage to vegetation

HERE and HERE

Leaf devider

 Recommended, very comprehensive.

CARING FOR CUT FLOWERS

Fluoride damage from city tap water is best avoided especially for rose buds.
Flowers should be placed in clean fluoride free water IMMEDIATELY after cutting.
Bougainvillea flowers WILL last in water only if this is done,
and the ends of the stalks are smashed.

Leaf devider

SOME EFFECTS OF INORGANIC FLUORIDE

ON PLANTS, ANIMALS AND MAN

Faculty Research Lecture

No 151956

 35 Pages PDF — Utah University

Leaf devider

FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION BY VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY

OF A PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PLANT IN TUNISIA

Russian Fluoridation Research

Leaf devider

pmc

Fluoride Concentration of Soil and Vegetables in Vicinity of Zinc Smelter…

fluorides-in-the-environment

 ‘ FLUORIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT ’ 

by

L.H.Weinstein and A.W. Davison 

leaf-devider

Fluoride content of edible Plants

leaf-devider

heading-soil-f

We thank you for this large and comprehensive file ↓

fluoride-in-soil-and-plants-1996-stevens

EXTRACT:

Fluoride is one of the most common airborne pollutants and its phytotoxicity is well known.
Major sources of ai¡borne F. pollution are brickworks, aluminium smelters and phosphate
fertiliser factories. Fluoride is also an impurity in phosphatic fertilisers (2-3Vo) and
this is the major source of F. contamination in agricultural soils. Until recently F.
added to the soil was considered to adsorb strongly to the soil and therefore
was unavailable to the plant. However, some recent studies in agricultural
and industrial situations have shown increases in water extractable
 F. in soils, which could be potentially available to the plant.
Fluoride is considered one of the most 
toxic inorganic pollutants. 

logo-waite-campus

researchgate-f

Literature Review 

Fluoride and Plant Life

f-plants-soil-f

Leaf devider

Plants and Foods Containing Fluorine – Dr. Olree

Leaf devider

who-logo

⇒  FLUORINE AND FLUORIDE. 

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFTY (IPCS)

Extract:

Page 46 of 136

  1. EFFECTS ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Plants are exposed to fluoride in the soil, and in the air as a result of volcanic activity, natural fires, wind-blown dusts, pesticides or as emissions from processes in which fluorine-containing materials are burned, manufactured, handled, or used (US NAS, 1971).
The main route of entry of fluoride into animals is by ingestion, so plants are important vectors of the element in all ecosystems…

Leaf devider

It is well known that industrial installations producing bricks,
phosphate fertilizers, and glass, along with coal-fired power
stations and aluminium smelters, are the most important
sources of gaseous and particulate fluoride pollution,
as well as volcanoes.

Leaf devider

LICHENS – In the vicinity of an aluminum factory, lichens accumulated 400–600 μg F/g of dry weight (as compared to less than 10 μg/g in un- contaminated regions) [40]. The symptoms of toxic fluoride action include chlorosis, necrosis, weakening and loss of thalli binding to rocks and tree bark. The most sensitive to fluoride are fru- ticose lichens, whose survival decreased to 1% for 4 years of observations. The majority of foliose lichen species also lost up to 88% of biomass, whereas crustose lichens were the most resistant to fluoride action and gradually occupied areas of dying lichens of other species.

Leaf devider

%ef%bf%bcuni-logo-italy

 

mt-etna-volcano-image-f

  MOUNT ETNA & FLUORIDE  

The analysis of fluorine content in Etnean vegetation focused on two of
the most widespread tree species in the area: Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) and
Pine (Pinus Nigra). Pine were generally of the subspecies Laricius (Corsican Pine), the
subspecies Austriaca (Austrian Pine) was sometimes used (where Laricius was absent).

Leaf devider

[ ‘Plants Of The Bible’ is not fluoride related. ]

plants-of-the-bible-lower-res

Leaf devider

blue-green-algae-cyanobacteria

Blue-green algae increased by the use of glyphosate.

We all need clean water to bath in!

bird-bath
fluoridation-queensland-logo
new-devider-fq

leaf-strip

 

 

 ~ FLUORIDES – (Some) INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS ~

WE ARE EXPOSED TO DANGEROUS LEVELS OF FLUORIDES

ADDING THEM TO WATER INCREASES THE PROBLEM

Boyne Smelter Queensland – fluoride emissions

Image of Boyne Smelter

MULTI CILOUR LINE

The Burning / Smelting Of Many Materials

Will Release Fluorides Into The Environment.

The amount released will depend on the material being burnt or smelted e.g. “dirty” brown coal releases more F. into the air than the hard “clean” coal anthracite.  –  Fluorides are released into the environment via coal combustion and process waters and waste from various industrial processes, including steel manufacture, primary aluminium, copper and nickel production, phosphate ore processing, phosphate fertilizer production and use, glass, brick and ceramic manufacturing, and glue and adhesive production, oil refining, car exhausts and welding.

MULTI CILOUR LINE

The use of the fluoride-containing pesticide, sulfuryl fluoride as a food fumigant (trade name ProFume ®) as well as the fluoridation of drinking water, also contribute to the release of fluoride from anthropogenic sources. Based on available data, phosphate ore production and use, as well as aluminium manufacture are the major industrial sources of fluoride release into the environment.

Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a radiatively active industrial chemical released into the atmosphere in significant (ktonne/year) quantities. The potential for SO2F2 to contribute to radiative forcing of climate change needs to beassessed. Long path length FTIR/smog chamber techniques were used to investigate the kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3 with SO2F2, in 700 Torr total pressure of air or N2 at 296 ± 1 K. Upper limits of k(Cl + SO2F2) < 9 × 10−19, k(OH + SO2F2) < 1.7 × 10−14 and k(O3 + SO2F2) < 5.5 × 10−24 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were determined. Reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, or O3 does not provide an efficient removal mechanism for SO2F2. The infrared spectrum of SO2F2 is reported and a radiative efficiency of 0.196 W m−2 ppbv−1 was calculated. Historic production data estimates are presented which provide an upper limit for expected atmospheric concentrations. The radiative forcing of climate change associated with emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2.3 + SO2F2) < 5.5 × 10−24 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were determined. Reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, or O3 does not provide an efficient removal mechanism for SO2F2. The infrared spectrum of SO2F2 is reported and a radiative efficiency of 0.196 W m−2 ppbv−1 was calculated. Historic production data estimates are presented which provide an upper limit for expected atmospheric concentrations.

The radiative forcing of climate change associated with emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2.

Further research is urgently needed to define the magnitude of potential non-atmospheric sinks.

          See also→ FLUORIDES – Toxic Profile -U.S. Dept. of Health Services

NEW ↓ research on pesticide residue ↓

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oB6fUqmyKC8

FLUORIDE AND INTELLECTUAL SUPPRESSION

Hydrofluoric Acid Leak – Hube Global Chemical Plant-South Korea

double-pink-up-line

graph-f-emissions-aust

National Pollutant Inventory – fluoride emissions (Australia)

MULTI CILOUR LINE

Yes you can have fluoride gold!

goldv-fluoride-image-f


fq

blue-red-bird-f

 

Distributing fluoride evenly, via thousands of  kilometres of trunk mains,
water pipes, and control valves is, a hydraulic impossibility.
Some of Brisbane’s old water mains contain lead,
which the fluorides release into the water.
The few links below testify to the damage
fluorides can do to various metals.

corrosion & rust Rust strip a

Rust strip c

David Cunningham (Patton)

keller-engineers-f

corrosion-patton
Dentists F. corrosion

bomb

CORROSION & FLUORIDES – OAK RIDGE LABORATORY

Rust strip c

legionella-bacteria-f

    Distributing fluoride EVENLY, via many thousands of  kilometres of  the complex system of trunk mains, water pipes, and control valves is a hydraulic impossibility. Readings [Fluoride concentrations] taken at various locations in the water supply system will vary. Dead-ends will often read very high. Because fluorides are corrosive, fibro mains will release asbestos, concrete lined pipes will absorb some fluoride, erode, and reset the concrete down-line during low use times (slow flow), forming partial blockages at bends and junctions. Corrosion of domestic pipes, water meters, hot water systems, washing machines, car radiators, fire mains, valves, soldered fittings and back-flow prevention equipment, will be accelerated. The concentration of fluorides in cooling towers (air conditioning.) will increase due to evaporation, therefor increasing corrosion rates with GREATER risk of  biofilm and  legionnaire’s disease which often breeds under the corrosion.

Accelerated corrosion/rust can also result in staining of water (laundry). Fluoride will leach various heavy metals into the water, from lead solder joints, copper, brass and plastic fittings. The risk of leaks, spills, burst water mains, and-over feeds, and subsequent political cover-ups, is historic and to be expected as occurred in Brisbane, May 2009.  – Fluoride is tasteless but can release ‘tastes’ from pipes etc.  Some of Brisbane’s old water mains contain lead, which the fluorides will release into the water.

     ( See also →  Chlorine dioxide )

   ♦yorkshire-fittings

Rust strip c

Asbestos water pipes will release more fibres as fluoride eats into the walls of these pipes.

Rust strip c

SAN FRANCISCO – on 29 November 1960 a 200-foot portion of a 50-foot wide street collapsed after an almost-new water main burst. After an analysis of the pipe by Griffin-Hasson laboratories in Los Angeles, it was discovered that fluoridation chemicals had corroded the pipe, which showed a fluoride concentration of 22,000 ppm on the pipe.

Rust strip c

Professor J. B. Polya, University of Tasmania, said:
Since all but the most expensive materials for the reticulation of fluoridated water (rubberised pipes or Monel metal ) react with fluorides, the concentration of fluoride at delivery points may differ greatly from concentrations ot the mixing point. MORE by POLYA
            ♥ Monel metal – an alloy of nickel and copper and other metals (such as iron and /or manganese and/or aluminium.

Rust strip c

taylor-francis-online-logo

MEXICO

Original → HERE

different-consid-steelmaking-1

Rust strip c

Heading-F. induced corr. steel rebars..

abstract-f-steel-india

  Fluoride-Corrosion-of-steel  
Rust strip c

 CorrosionResistanceofNickel_ContainingAlloysinHydrofluoricAcid_

Rust strip c

HydrogenFlourideandFlourine_443_

Rust strip c

Alum. – Aluminium sulphate was removed from Sydney
water supply 1994 suspected of causing Alzheimer’s disease.

CORRODED-STRIP

 Corrosion Control Engineer Explains Fluoride Action

CORRODED-STRIP

Fluoridation Equipment Failures (some)

CORRODED-STRIP

 CORROSION BY FLUORIDE SOLUTIONS

CORRODED-STRIP

Water Hardness in Australia   

CORRODED-STRIP

Fluoride increases the electrical conductivity of water.
In general, the higher the electrical conductivity of water, the higher its ability to allow corrosion to occur to metals it contacts. Where steel pipes or fittings are connected to brass, bronze or copper fittings, pipes or tanks, an electrogenic (corrosive) action takes place in the presence of fluoridated water, between the steel and the other metals. The steel becomes anodic while the brass, bronze or copper is cathodic, and the steel corrodes. This is called bi-metallic corrosion, and it occurs whenever two different metals are electrically (mechanically) connected in the presence of an electrolyte like fluoridated water
.

CORRODED-STRIP

Not a good idea to wash your valuable

‘Tucker car’ in fluoridated water!

 

tucker-torpedo

 More Tucker Cars

With just 51 built, you’ve likely never seen a Tucker 48 on the road.
But if you were to be blessed enough to see one, you’d be looking 
at a high-performance, ahead-of-its-time grand tourer
worth over $1,000,000 US today.

tucker-car-logo

fq

 

 

 

Coal-burning power plants produce 82% of the total
fluoride air pollution
 in the United States.
China is the biggest coal-producer
and coal-consumer in the world. 

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

Data On Coal-Burning And Endemic
Fluorosis Throughout China

FLUOROSIS-coal-burning-China-s

 106 Fluoride Vol. 36 No. 2 106-112 2003 Research Report

For Correspondence: Prof Wuyi Wang, Institute of

Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources

Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:

wangwy@igsnrr.ac.cn

ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF COALBURNING ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS AND

THE SAFETY THRESHOLD OF COAL FLUORIDE IN CHINA

Yonghua Li, Wuyi Wang, a Linsheng Yang, Hairong Li

Beijing, China

SUMMARY:
Data on coal-burning endemic fluorosis throughout China and on the exposure-response relationship between concentrations of fluoride determined in coal samples and the prevalence of dental fluorosis reported from 17 representative surveillance stations in Southwest China were used to estimate the safety threshold for coal fluoride. Coal-burning endemic fluorosis occurs mainly in the mountainous areas of this part of China, where the prevalence of the disease is closely linked to geochemical parameters of the local environment. In these regions the incidence of dental fluorosis has a significant positive correlation with the concentration of fluoride in coal. The safety threshold of coal fluoride is estimated to be 190 mg/kg by the criterion of 0% incidence of dental fluorosis.

Keywords: China; Coal fluoride; Endemic fluorosis; Safety threshold.


INTRODUCTION

Fluorine (F), the most electronegative and reactive of the halogens, is a common chemical element in the earth’s crust in combined form. F concentrations in rocks and soils are well documented, but data on the F concentration in coal are relatively limited.

1-4 Swaine reported the total F concentration in coal ranges from 20 to 500 mg/kg.

5 Statistical data indicate that the mean concentration of F in coal worldwide is 80 mg/kg, but in China it is 200 mg/kg.

6 In the mountainous areas of Southwest China, it is even higher— up to 3106 mg/kg in local coal.

7 Fluoride in coal can be released into the ambient environment as atmospheric F, waterborne F, and residue F during mining, handling, and combustion.

6-8 In Southwest China, F

            See also:

coal-steaming-coking-f

Understand the difference ↓

COAL- Steaming & Coking

End line

  FLUORINE IN CHINESE COALS  

End line

Daishe Wu,a,b,c Baoshan Zheng,
a Xiuyi Tang, d Shehong Li, a Binbin Wang,
Mingshi Wang,a,b
Guiyang, China

pollution-china1

coal-burning-china-f1

 

See also ↓

FLUORINE IN CHINESE COALS – Air Pollution

See also ↓

Bone/joint problems-Fluorosis

fluoridation-queensland-logo

new-devider-fq

 

beaks-dont-need-fluoride-f

 

 

 

 

 

Fluoride air pollution can have a devastating effect on the total environment.
Over the past 50 years, a variety of industries have released into
the atmosphere more than 25,000,000 tons
of fluoride gases and particulates.

 The major industries with fluoride pollution problems include:

coal-burning power stations, petro-chemical refineries, aluminium,

zinc, copper, beryllium and magnesium producing factories, steel mills,

fertilizer works, plastics manufacturers, glass factories, cement works, 

pottery and tile makers, brick works, chemical factories and nuclear

processing plants. The most common and dangerous air pollutant

produced by these industries and many others, is —

National Emissions Inventry logo Hydrogen Fluoride

pollution-china-b-copy

Workers in the following occupations may be exposed to

Hydrogen Fluoride in the workplace air:

Aircraft workers,
 – Alkylation plant workers, – 
Alloy steel cleaners, – 
Alloy steel makers, – 
Aluminium fluoride makers, – 
Aluminium makers, – 
Beryllium workers, 
- Bleachers, – 
Brass cleaners, 
- Brewers, -
 Brick cleaners, – 
Brick makers, -
 Casting cleaners, – 
Cement workers, – 
Ceramic workers, -
 Chemists, – Copper cleaners, 
-  Cryolite makers, – 
Crystal glass polishers, – 
Dye makers, – 
Electric arc welders, – 
Electroplaters, 
Enamel etchers, – 
Fermentation workers, – 
Fertilizer makers, – Filter paper makers, 
- Fluoborate makers, 
Fluoride compound makers, – 
Fluorine makers, –  
Fluorocarbon makers, – 
Fluorochemical makers, 
-Fluosilicate makers, – Freon makers, – 
Genetron makers, 
- Glass etchers, 
- Graphite purifiers, – 
Hydrogen fluoride makers, – 
Isotron makers, 
- Laundry workers, – 
Metal cleaners, 
- Metal polishers, 
- Neon sign makers, 
- Oil well acidifiers, –  
Ore dissolvers, – 
Petrol refinery workers, 
- Phosphate rock workers, 
- Plastic makers, 
- Polish makers, 
- Pottery workers, 
- Power station workers, 
-  Quartz crystal makers, 
- Rocket fuel handlers, 
- Rocket fuel makers, 
- Silicon chip makers, – 
Stainless steel cleaners, – 
Stainless steel makers, 
-Steel casting picklers, 
- Steel millworkers, – Stone cleaners, – 
Tile makers, 
- Uranium refiners, 
- Yeast makers, and
 Zinc workers.

Fluoride air pollution can have a devastating effect on the total environment.

Angus Lazores is a Mohawk Indian. For centuries before the white-man reached Canada and the United States, the Mohawks hunted, fished, trapped, and farmed the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, now known as the St. Regis Akwesasne Indian Reserve.

Angus Lazores, along with 1,500 other Mohawks, lives on Cornwall Island, a part of the reserve straddling the borders of Quebec, Ontario, and Upper New York State. The St. Regis Mohawk Band settled Cornwall Island just over a hundred years ago; they soon became known as an efficient and self-sufficient agricultural community. In 1959, there were 45 farmers, forty cattle barns and 364 dairy cattle on the Island.

cow-with-fluorosis-f

Twenty years later, only eight farmers and eight cattle barns were left.

During the twenty years the cattle population was decimated;

all the bees on the Island had disappeared; crop yields had fallen;

partridges, after which the Akwesasne Reserve is named, had declined drastically;

and the white pine trees on the Island were dying.

In 1959, Reynolds Metals Company had built an aluminium smelter on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River near Massena, New York State. Cornwall Island is downwind of the smelter at least 60 per cent of the time.

Angus Lazores dates his problems on the Island to 1962, just three years after the smelter became operational.

In that year, cattle became lame and developed swellings on their legs, eventually the lameness became so severe that the animals could no longer graze normally. They laid down to eat on pasture and then crawled to the next place to eat. With increasing age the cows had difficulty drinking cold water, and chewing was obviously painful. The animals would grab hay but let it go after unsuccessful attempts at mastication.

The first pregnancy and calving were usually uneventful, but the cows had small udders and too little milk for the calf. At the third pregnancy and delivery, the native cows had usually deteriorated, being unable to drink or chew properly. Cows died during delivery and neonatal calf mortality was high. If cows survived the third pregnancy they were sold for slaughter.

By 1971, the majority of farmers had switched from dairy to beef cattle and by November 1977, there were only 177 cattle on the Island compared with 364 in 1959.

The cause of the cattle disease was admitted only after many years. In 1969, officials of the Canadian Ministry of the Environment had expressed concern to Reynolds Metals about fluoride emissions impacting on the Island. Four years later, the St. Regis Local Council authorised an investigation into pollutants emitted by the smelter. In July 1973, the Council were advised that damage to the pine trees on the Island was due to fluoride gases.

Two years later, urine samples from Cornwall Island cattle showed abnormal levels of fluoride.

In November 1975, Angus Lazore’s cattle were examined by a veterinarian called Abbey, sent by Reynolds Metals. He claimed that internal and external parasites were responsible for the condition of the cattle – fluoride wasn’t even mentioned.

The Mohawk elders were disturbed by Abbey’s diagnosis and approached Professor Lennart Krook, an eminent veterinary scientist at Cornell University.

Krook ran extensive diagnostic and pathological tests on the St. Regis cattle, then announced his findings:

“Owing to extensive and serious chronic fluoride poisoning no cattle born on Cornwall Island were going to live for more than five years.”

During 1977 and 1978, the situation which had developed on the Island was investigated by a team of scientists from the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University. Leaders of the team were Professor Krook and Dr George Maylin. In the introduction to their published report, they point out:

“Of all pollutants that affect farm animals, fluorine has caused the most severe and widespread damage. The object of the present study is to record yet another man-made fluorine pollution disaster and to interpret the pathogenesis of the osseous changes in view of recent advances in the understanding of bone metabolism.”

While Krook and Maylin focused on the cattle, Dr Clancy Gordon of the University of Montana, examined 2,600 plant samples from Cornwall Island and found very high levels of fluoride in all the vegetation tested.

University of Illinois scientists were then recruited to see if the Islanders themselves were suffering health problems resulting from excessive exposure to fluoride. Doctors Bertram Carnow and Shirley Conibear reported:

“Significant numbers of people with abnormalities of the muscular, skeletal, nervous and blood systems.”

In addition, Cornwall Island physicians had noted high rates of anaemia, rashes, irritability, diabetes, high blood pressure and thyroid disease.

Carnow and Conibear concluded that there had been;

“Unquestionably heavy exposure to fluorine compounds that has affected all the life studied.”

They recommended an immediate reduction in smelter fluoride emissions. Chief Francis of the Mohawk Indian Band put it more dramatically, he advised anyone living in areas where smelters might be built, to:

“Block the project. Block them with everything you have. If you fail then move. Move as quickly as you can because there’s no money that can buy your health back.”

Reynolds Metals spent its first ten years of operation spewing over 130 kilos of fluoride emissions an hour, directly downstream to Cornwall Island. Even after New York State regulations forced the company to reduce its emissions to 30 kilos an hour by 1975, Reynolds’ “gift” to the Mohawks had been an appalling –

TWELVE MILLION KILOS OF AIRBORNE FLUORIDE CONTAMINANTS

OVER TWENTY YEARS.

The Mohawk way of life became a victim of a preventable man-made plague. And you don’t have to go to Canada to find fluoride pollution problems. For more than a century, the Hunter Valley Region of New South Wales has produced some of Australia’s finest wines.

On Tuesday July 8 1980, the Tyrrell’s and the Tulloch’s, Reg Drayton and Dr Max Lake together with Chris Barnes, who, as President of the Hunter Valley Vineyard Association represented virtually all the other wine-makers, held a press conference at the Hilton Hotel, Sydney.

Their message was simple – they could foresee the day when the Hunter Valley was finished as a wine-growing area. And the reason? For the past ten years the ALCAN aluminium smelter at Kurri-Kurri had rained 600 to 700 tonnes of fluoride pollutants onto the surrounding landscape annually. The wine-makers said they had known nothing about these fluoride emissions until 10 months previously, yet fluoride pollutants have, in the past, reduced grape yield and decimated vineyards in Spain, Greece, Bulgaria and the Rhone Valley.

Ever since the beginning of the industrial revolution but particularly in the second half of this century, wholesale pollution of air and of the countryside with fluoride fumes and fall-out has taken place; and the most common and most dangerous fluoride air pollutant is HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.

As mentioned previously, Dr Jag Cook, from Britain’s National Chemical Emergency Group – which is responsible for mopping up any major toxic spills in the UK – has said: “Hydrogen fluoride is about the only chemical that really scares me.”

Hardly surprising since amongst other things, hydrogen fluoride (HF) eats up glass and dissolves most metals.

Alright, you say, its dangerous, but I don’t live near a factory that releases HF into the atmosphere, nor do I work in an environment where HF is present. But consider this. Demand for lead-free petrol is growing quickly and the processes for making it involve the use of HF to achieve high octane ratings without using lead. In fact, between 1.26 and 3.14 kilos of HF are used in the production of every six barrels of alkylate.

As a result HF is present in the exhaust gases from vehicles using lead-free petrol. The levels of HF, three inches from the exhaust outlet measure 30 parts per billion, and remember at that concentration, HF can impair reflex activity in rats by acting as a CNS depressant – in other words, a mind-dulling drug.

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, aka:, is used by an increasing number of industries, and it is also produced as a pollutant by an increasing number of industries.

A series of accidents in the United States have recently demonstrated that industrial HF sites are a major threat to public safety.

For instance, an HF leak on 30 October 1987 at the Marathon refinery in Texas City left 700 people in need of urgent medical treatment. Dr Fred Millar, of the Environmental Policy Institute, said that only luck had prevented the accident from becoming the major industrial catastrophe of the year. He pointed out:

“The release was from the vapour space of a storage tank. If the same release had been of HF liquid thousands would likely have died in the ensuing gas cloud. It would have been our Bhopal.”

A few months later, another HF leak occurred at Mobil’s refinery in Torrance, California. This caused a raging 41-hour fire and millions of dollars worth of damage. An official report of the accident suggested:

“The consequences may have been so great as to warrant regulations to direct industry to phase out its use or substitute processes with less environmental hazards.”

In March 1988, there was another HF leak, this time in Tulsa, Oklahoma. There, an accident at the Sun refinery produced a three-mile-long cloud which engulfed the town Only a prompt evacuation limited the casualties to 36 persons (none fatal).

A recent test by the US Government showed that relatively small amounts of HF liquid will release a dense, ground-hugging gas cloud which remains lethal for five kilometres.

In Britain, the location of HF manufacturing plants are, according to the Health and Safety Executive, officially secret – to prevent them becoming targets for terrorists.

Many people, particularly those working in the pot-rooms of aluminium smelters, are exposed to relatively high concentrations of hydrogen fluoride. What can it do to them? Well, lets see.

In the spring of 1986, one of the most modern aluminium smelters in the world went into production in Portland, Victoria. The smelter had been built by the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA), who also owned a much older smelter at Point Henry, Geelong.

Two years later, on December 2 1988, the Melbourne Age reported:

“SMELTER WORKERS CLAIM FOR ASTHMA.”
 “Twelve workers from the 35 per cent State-owned Portland aluminium smelter have issued common-law claims against the joint-venture seeking damages for occupational asthma. 

The chairman of the Aluminium Development Council, Mr. Bruce Heister, said the incidence of occupational asthma varied from smelter to smelter but the reasons for this were not clear. 

Damages for a case of occupational asthma were claimed against another big aluminium producer, Comalco, at its Queensland smelter a few months ago. 

The cause of pot room asthma is suspected to be an agent, or agents, in emissions from smelter pot lines. 

Since production started in Portland in October 1986, 65 workers have been diagnosed as having occupational asthma.”

In other words, after just 25 months in operation, 65 workers at one of the most modern aluminium smelters in the world had been affected by mysterious agents in the pot room.

Worse was to follow. On 27 April 1989, the Melbourne Herald reported:

“ALUMINIUM IS LATEST WORKER HEALTH SCARE.”

“A senior Victorian union official claims workers at Geelong’s ALCOA smelter are suffering respiratory ailments potentially as deadly as those found in the asbestos industry. 

Mr. Royre Bird, slate secretary of the Federated Iron-workers Association, has called for a national inquiry into respiratory disease in aluminium smelter workers after a report by New South Wales researchers found evidence of long-term irreversible lung damage.
 
The report, by a team from Newcastle University medical school, found workers at Alcan Aluminium’s Kurri-Kurri smelter suffered reduced lung function equivalent to smoking a packet of cigarettes a day. 

Mr. Bird, who has worked in the industry for 18 years, claimed the findings had serious implications for the aluminium industry world-wide and for workers at Geelong. He said he believed that apart from respiratory diseases, aluminium workers were at risk of contracting cancer. 

He claimed to have observed a “slow but gradually developing history of cancers” at the Point Henry Plant in Geelong.

He also claimed workers at the Portland smelter, partly owned by the State Government, were suffering higher rates of pot room asthma than at Point Henry. 

Union solicitors had confirmed 176 cases of pot room asthma at Point Henry since 1964, compared with 76 at Portland. At least 20 more cases were being processed by other solicitors, he said.”

A few days later, a cancer specialist supported Mr Bird’s claim when the Melbourne Sun published the following article on May 1 1989:

“CANCER RISK AT SMELTERS: DOCTOR”.
“Workers at aluminium smelters are at risk of developing cancer as well as chronic asthma, according to a leading cancer specialist. At least 39 smelter workers across Australia are believed to have already died from work-related cancer.
 
Dr Cyril Minty, a specialist at the Peter McCallum cancer hospital, said fumes emitted from the smelters’ pot rooms could contain cancer-causing chemicals as well as irritants that produced the respiratory condition known as ‘pot room asthma’
 
Dr Minty said more than six sufferers of industrial asthma from Portland and ALCOA’s Geelong smelter had been referred to him during the past year.”

Now, there is no mystery at all. The major pollutants in the pot room are gaseous and particulate fluorides; and HYDROGEN FLUORIDE is the most common fluoride gas.

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF

POT ROOM ASTHMA AND A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR

IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER IN

SOME ALUMINIUM WORKERS.

But, industrialists live in fear of conclusive evidence linking a pollutant to ‘new’ occupational or Neighbourhood diseases. The reason is obvious. Employers and their insurers will face claims for compensation.

(Note: a “Neighbourhood disease” is one affecting people living in the vicinity of a pollutant producing factory.)

Industries with major fluoride pollution problems are amongst the most powerful interest groups in society. Fluoride emissions are amongst the most difficult of all pollutants to control effectively, and in a highly competitive economic system, many companies will fight for their very lives to avoid spending large amounts of money to control pollution since this will, almost inevitably, increase the price of the end-product.

Certain sections of industry will go to great lengths to suppress stories about fluoride pollution. Such reports might encourage people to sue for damages or, result in pressures for tougher anti-pollution laws.

The first symptoms of exposure to trace amounts of hydrogen fluoride are NOT physiological but psychological, and include such symptoms as confusion, fatigue, partial loss of memory and mental dullness. To put it another way, behaviour is exquisitely sensitive to minute traces of hydrogen fluoride (and other pollutants) in the environment.

Unfortunately, the tests to which chemical substances are usually subjected in efforts to determine their so-called “maximum permissible doses or concentration” do not take into account possible changes in mental function, and also would often fail to pick up long-term or chronic effects on the organism.

Minute concentrations of hydrogen fluoride inhaled over lengthy periods of time CAN DAMAGE VITAL COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – this leaves the individual vulnerable to opportunistic diseases.

Last century, canaries were taken down coal mines because of the presence of trace amounts of deadly gases in the mines. The gases were undetectable by smell but if the canary died, the miners got out – quickly!

Some scientists suspect that FROGS have become analogous to the coal-mine canaries. All over the world frogs are disappearing and no-one knows why. The best guess so far is that pollution of the environment is responsible. I’d like to tell you about an experiment I recently completed.

In the adult human the immune system weighs about two pounds and consists of around a trillion lymphocytes and about 100 million trillion molecules called antibodies that are produced and secreted by the lymphocytes.

In a mouse, the immune system consists of about 300 million lymphocytes and around a trillion antibodies.

The smallest known immune system, that of a tadpole, is estimated to have a million lymphocytes and an antibody repertoire of about 10 million. Smaller immune systems do not exist presumably because such systems would recognize antigen so infrequently that they would provide little, if any, protective advantage.

I exposed tadpoles to a number of increasingly common environmental pollutants, including mercury, cadmium and hydrofluoric acid – which is hydrogen fluoride in water, and both gas and acid have the same formula, HF.

Incredibly low concentrations of these chemicals proved lethal to the tadpoles.

But technically speaking, the tadpoles didn’t die of “mercury poisoning” or “cadmium poisoning,” or “hydrofluoric acid” poisoning. They died because the chemicals ‘wrecked’ their immune systems leaving the tadpoles vulnerable to all the germs and parasites in their environment.

The significance of this is that scientists still evaluate the toxicity of a chemical by determining what amount of the chemical causes obvious damage or death.

For instance, lets look at a common chemical – sodium fluoride.

It would take at least 3 grams of sodium fluoride to kill a healthy adult. That’s the amount in 3,000 litres of fluoridated water.

If you ingested about 8 milligrams of sodium fluoride daily for ten years or more, you would develop a well-defined disease called skeletal fluorosis, which affects bones, tendons and secondarily, the nervous system. If an infant ingested 2 milligrams of fluoride daily, they would develop dental fluorosis or ‘mottled’ teeth.

Apparently therefore, the only problems that low doses of sodium fluoride can cause are either dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis. The CLINICAL symptoms of these conditions are easily detected – ‘mottled’ teeth and ‘bony outgrowths’ and the calcification of tendons in skeletal fluorosis.

BUT WHAT ABOUT SUB-CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

THOSE THAT WE CAN’T SEE?

Experiments have shown water containing 1 to 4 parts per million can have an effect on the Central Nervous System – a mind-dulling effect! Experiments have also demonstrated that fluoride at a concentration of just 0.6 parts per million can disturb antibody production, and thus interfere with the functioning of the immune system.

And many experiments have shown that concentrations of fluoride of about 4 parts per million can damage DNA – the vital core of every living cell.

In other words, at very low concentrations, fluoride can cause subtle changes in enzyme activities, nerve action potentials, altered behavioural reaction, and the immune system…

………..

About Dr. Smith

Dr Geoffrey Ernest Smith, L.D.S., R.C.S. (Eng.)
Dental Surgeon, (retired)

Curriculum Vitae

  • Born: 1 November 1932, Married, 5 children, 4 grandchildren.

  • Educated: Lawrence House School, St. Annes on Sea, Lancashire. Rossall School, Fleetwood, Lancashire. University of Manchester, Turner Dental School.

  • 1956: Qualified L.D.S., R.C.S. Royal College of Surgeons. (England).

  • 1957-59 Post-Graduate Studies. Queens University, Belfast.

  • 1959-60 Travelling Fellowship, UK Medical Research Council; WHO Regional Office, Brazzaville. 

    Based University of Ibaden W. Nigeria. Field work: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia and Liberia.

  • 1961-68 General Dental Practice, London and Dublin.

  • 1965-66 Consultant, Aspro-Nicholas, Ireland, Ltd., Dublin.

  • 1969-71 Consultant, Glaxo Group Ltd., London.

  • 1972-74 Consultant, PIA Ltd., Lopex Group, London, New York.

  • 1974-76 Consultant, Nicholas International, Slough & Melbourne.

  • 1976-79 General Dental Practice and School Dentistry, Melbourne.

  • 1979-80 Hospital Dentist, Proserpine, North Queensland.

  • 1987-88 Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Melbourne.

  • 1980 – Consultant, Environmental and Public Health.

Some relevant papers in the scientific literature:

  • NZ Med.J. 1983;96, 1067-1068.

  • Persp. Biol.Med. 1986 29, 560-

  • New Scientist 1983;5 May 286-287

  • Trends.Pharm.Sci.1986, 7, 10

  • Fluoride, 1983, Editorial, Autumn.

  • Sci.Tot.Environ. 1987, 63, 1-11.

  • Aust.Dent.J. 1984, 29, 199-200.

  • Endeavour, 1987, 11, 16-

  • J.R.Coll Gen.Pract.1984, 34, 350-351.

  • Sci.Prog.(Oxf.), 1987, 71, 23

  • Xenobiotica, 1985, 15, 177-186.

  • The Scientist, 1987, 1, 24.

  • Sci.Prog.(Oxf.), 1985, 69, 429-442.

  • Sci.Tot.Env., 1988, 68, 79-86.

  • Sci.Tot.Env. 1985, 43, 41-61.

  • NZ Med.J. 1985, 90, 556-557.

  • NZ Med.J. 1985, 98, 454-455.

  • Pers.Biol.Med. 1988, 31, 440-45

  • NZ Med.J. 1988, 100, 669-670.

  • Sci.Tot.Env., 1988, 76, 167-

  • New Scientist, 1985, 1467-, 50-51.

  • NZ Med.J. 1988, 101, 802.

  • NZ Med.l. 1985, 30, 232-233.

  • Med.Hypoth., 1986, 19, 139-

  • Med.J.Aust., 1985, 143, 283-286.

  • Mutat.Res., 1990, 241, 339-

  • Med.J.Aust., 1986, 144, 152.

  • Fusso Kenkyo, 1990, 11, 38-48

  • Lawyer, 1986, 4(3), 6. (Japanese)

  • Fluoride, 1986, 19, 105-107.

  • Probe, 1989, 31, 1-2.

  • Nature 1986; 323, 198.

  • Aust. Dent.J., 1985, 30, 232-233

Note:

The Secret War was originally prepared as a personal submission to the

Brisbane City Council’s Task Force on Fluoridation, in March 1997.

Paper: Original Paper 
Citation : Caries Res 2001;35:125-128
 Title : Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland Author(s): J. Luke
Info : Figures: 2; Tables: 0; References: 32

 Keywords : Calcium; Distribution; Fluoride; Human pineal gland; Hydroxyapatite; Pineal concretions
 
Abstract : The purpose was to discover whether fluoride (F) accumulates in the aged human pineal gland. The aims were to determine (a) F-concentrations of the pineal gland (wet), corresponding muscle (wet) and bone (ash); (b) calcium-concentration of the pineal.

Pineal, muscle and bone were dissected from 11 aged cadavers and assayed for F using the HMDS-facilitated diffusion, F-ion-specific electrode method. Pineal calcium was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Pineal and muscle contained 297+/-257 and 0.5+/-0.4 mg F/kg wet weight, respectively; bone contained 2,037+/-1,095 mg F/kg ash weight. The pineal contained 16,000+/-11,070 mg Ca/kg wet weight.

There was a positive correlation between pineal F and pineal Ca (r = 0.73, p<0.02)

but no correlation between pineal F and bone F.

By old age (50-70), the  pineal gland  has readily accumulated F

and its F/Ca ratio is higher than bone.

red-line-copy

buffalo-lameeness-f

f-is-mor-dangerous-than-us-f

fq

It comes as a surprise to many people when they discover
that the chemicals used to fluoridate drinking water
are not pharmaceutical grade.
The bulk of the chemicals used today come from the
wet scrubbing systems of the phosphate fertilizer industry.

Paul Connett 3

A recent extract from Dr. Paul Connett:

…Late last year the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) published a systematic review and health assessment of the neurotoxicity of fluoride. Based on 20 high-quality studies it concluded: “fluoride is presumed to be a cognitive neurodevelopmental hazard to humans.”

In December 2019, Philippe Grandjean, one of the world’s leading neurotoxicologists, provided an extensive review of the literature on fluoride’s neurotoxicity (156 references). He concluded“there is little doubt that developmental neurotoxicity is a serious risk associated with elevated fluoride exposure, whether due to community water fluoridation, natural fluoride release from soil minerals, or tea consumption, especially when the exposure occurs during early development.”…


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To

news@sunraysia.daily.com.au

Dear Editor,

Fraser Mitcham is splitting chemical hairs when he says that “sodium fluorosilicic acid” does not exist. The correct name is sodium fluorosilicate, the salt formed when fluorosilicic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The “ate” ending is introduced when a salt is formed from the parent acid.  However, more disturbing is Micham’s willingness to continue to propagate the Victorian Department of Human Services “spin” on the source of the fluoridating chemicals used in fluoridation schemes.  What follows is a shortened version of what will appear in a book I have co-authored which will be published in October 2010, “The Case Against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics That Keep it There.” (Connett, Beck and Micklem, Chelsea Green Publishers).

It comes as a surprise to many people when they discover that the chemicals used to fluoridate drinking water are not pharmaceutical grade, meaning that they are not of the same purity used in dental products. Instead, the bulk of the chemicals used today come from the wet scrubbing systems of the phosphate fertilizer industry.

The wet scrubbers were introduced into the phosphate manufacturing process in order to remove two highly toxic gases: hydrogen fluoride (HF) and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4). For many years these gases had damaged vegetation in the vicinity of the phosphate plants as well as crippling cattle on local farms. Fortunately, a spray of water is able to capture these gases and convert them into a solution of hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6). When this resulting solution has reached a concentration of about 23% it is shipped untreated in large tanker trucks to chemical companies. These companies then send the solution  (still untreated) to communities to fluoridate their water.However, agencies that continue to promote fluoridation  – despite the fact that there is little genuine scientific evidence that swallowing fluoride actually reduces tooth decay, and the growing evidence that there is no margin of safety sufficient to protect everyone drinking fluoridated water from known harmful effects – have gone to tortuous lengths to calm the public on the use of hazardous waste for this purpose. One example comes from the Victorian Department of Human Services, which states that: ”Fluoride is not a waste product of the fertiliser manufacturing process, but rather, a co-product. If fluoride is not actively collected during the refining process for water fluoridation purposes, it remains in the phosphate fertiliser. However, due to the widespread practice of water fluoridation in Australia, fluoride is commonly extracted during the refining process.”Maybe this “health” agency is happier using the word co-product rather than a hazardous by-product, but the simple truth, as indicated above, is that the captured gases (hydrogen fluoride and silicon fluoride) are very toxic  and did enormous damage to crops and cattle surrounding phosphate fertilizer plants for about 100 years before the industry was forced to put on wet scrubbers to capture these “co-products.” Substances that cause damage to plants, animals or humans are called “pollutants.” Nor, as this fluoridation-promoting “health” agency claims, will these captured gases magically remain in the phosphate fertilizer if they were not scrubbed from the air emissions. These claims are chemical and historical nonsense.

Paul Connett,

PhD,Professor Emeritus of Environmental Chemistry,

St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY 13617

Director, Fluoride Action Network,

www.FluorideAlert.org <

http://www.fluoridealert.org/>

pconnett@gmail.com315-379-9200

fq

green-cheak-jpg

 

Fluoridating drinking water with recovered pollution
is a cost-effective means of disposing of  toxic waste.

F.-Phospate-conF.-US-cities...

     Fluoridating drinking water with recovered pollution is a cost-effective means of disposing of toxic waste. The Fluorosilicic acid would otherwise be classified as a hazardous toxic waste on the Superfund Priorities List of toxic substances that pose the most significant risk to human health and the greatest potential liability for manufacturers.

Phosphate fertilizer suppliers have more than $10 billion invested in production and mining facilities in Florida. Phosphate fertilizer production accounts for $800 million in wages per year. Florida’s mines produce 30% of the world supply and 75% of the US supply of phosphate fertilizers. Much of the country’s supply of fluoro-silicic acid for water fluoridation is also produced in Florida.

Phosphate fertilizer manufacturing and mining are not environment friendly operations. Fluorides and radionuclides are the primary toxic pollutants from the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer in Central Florida. People living near the fertilizer plants and mines, experience lung cancer and leukemia rates that are double the state average. Much of West Central Florida has become a toxic waste dump for phosphate fertilizer manufacturers. Federal and state pollution regulations have been modified to accommodate phosphate fertilizer production and use: These regulations have included using recovered pollution for water fluoridation.

Radium wastes from filtration systems at phosphate fertilizer facilities are among the most radioactive types of naturally occurring radioactive material

(NORM) wastes. The radium wastes are so concentrated, they cannot be disposed of at the one US landfill licensed to accept NORM wastes, so manufacturers dump the radioactive wastes in acidic ponds atop 200-foot-high gypsum stacks. The federal government has no rules for its disposal.

During the late 1960s, fluorine emissions were damaging crops, killing fish and causing crippling skeletal fluorosis in livestock. The EPA became concerned and enforced regulations requiring manufacturers to install pollution scrubbers. At that time, the facilities were dumping the concentrated pollution directly into waterways leading into Tampa Bay.

A PHOSPHATE WORSE THAN DEATH

In the late 1960s, EPA chemist Ervin Bellack worked out the ideal solution to a monumental pollution problem. Because recovered phosphate fertilizer manufacturing waste contain about 19% fluorine, Bellack concluded that the concentrated “scrubber liquor” could be a perfect water fluoridation agent. It was a liquid and easily soluble in water, unlike sodium fluoride – a waste product from aluminum manufacturing. It was also inexpensive.

Fate also intervened. The aluminum industry, which previously supplied sodium fluoride for water fluoridation, was facing a shortage of fluorspar used in smelting aluminum. Consequently, there was a shortage of sodium fluoride to fluoridate drinking water.

For the phosphate fertilizer industry, the shortage of sodium fluoride was the key to turning red ink into black and an environmental liability into a perceived asset. With the help of the EPA, fluorosilicic acid was transformed from a concentrated toxic waste and a liability into a “proven cavity fighter.”

The EPA and the US Public Health Service waived all testing procedures and – with the help of the American Dental Association (ADA) – encouraged cities to add the radioactive concentrate into America’s drinking water as an “improved” form of fluoride.

The product is not “fluorine” or “fluoride” as proponents state: It is a pollution concentrate. Fluorine is only one captured pollutant comprising about 19% of the total production.

By 1983, the official EPA policy was expressed by EPA Office of Water Deputy Administrator Rebecca Hanmer as follows: “In regard to the use of fluosilicic (fluorosilicic) acid as a source of fluoride for fluoridation, this agency regards such use as an ideal environmental solution to a long-standing problem. By recovering by-product fluosilicic acid from fertilizer manufacturing, water and air pollution are minimized, and water utilities have a low-cost source of fluoride available to them.”

A HOT NEW PROPERTY 

In promoting the use of the pollution concentrate as a fluoridation agent, the ADA, Federal agencies and manufacturers failed to mention that it was radioactive. Whenever uranium is found in nature as a component of a mineral, a host of other radionuclides are always found in the mineral in various stages of decay. Uranium and all of its decay-rate products are found in phosphate rock, fluorosilicic acid and phosphate fertilizer.

During wet-process manufacturing, trace amounts of radium and uranium are captured in the pollution scrubber. This process was the subject of an article by H.F. Denzinger, H. J. König and G.E. Krüger in the fertilizer industry journal, Phosphorus & Potassium (No. 103, Sept./Oct. 1979) discussed how radionuclides are carried into the fluorosilicic acid.

While the uranium and radium in fluorosilicic acid are known carcinogens, two decay products of uranium are even more carcinogenic:

RADON-222 AND POLONIUM-210

During the acidulation process that creates phosphoric acid, radon gas contained in the phosphate pebble can be released in greater proportions than other decay-rate products (radionuclides) and carried over into the fluorosilicic acid. Polonium may also be captured in greater quantities during scrubbing operations because, like radon, it can readily combine with fluoride.

Engineer Thomas Reeves has acknowledged the presence of radionuclides in fluorosilicic acid.

Radon-222 is not an immediate threat because it stops emitting alpha radiation and decays into lead-214 in 3.86 days. Lead-214 appears to be harmless but it eventually decays into bismuth-214 and then into polonium-214. Unless someone knew to look for specific isotopes, no one would know that a transmutation into the polonium isotope had occurred.

Polonium-210, a decay product of bismuth-210, has a half-life of 138 days and gives off intense alpha radiation as it decays into regular lead and becomes stable. Any polonium-210 that might be present in the phosphate concentrate could pose a significant health threat. A very small amount of polonium-210 can be very dangerous, giving off 5,000 times more alpha radiation than the same amount of radium. As little as 0.03 microcuries (6.8 trillionths of a gram) of polonium-210 can be carcinogenic to humans.

The lead isotope behaves like calcium in the body. It may be stored in the bones for years before turning into polonium-210 and triggering a carcinogenic release of alpha radiation.

Drinking water fluoridated with fluorosilicic acid contains radon at every sequence of its decay to polonium. The fresher the pollution concentrate, the more polonium it will contain.

As long as the amount of contaminants added to the drinking water (including radionuclides in fluorosilicic acid) do not exceed the limits set forth in the Safe Drinking Water Act, the EPA has no regulatory problem with the use of any contaminated products for drinking water treatment.

BIG RISKS: NO TESTS

Despite the increased cancer risk from using phosphate waste to fluoridate drinking water, the EPA nor the Centers for Disease Control have never commissioned or required any clinical studies with the pollution concentrate – specifically, the hexafluorsilicate radical whose toxicokinetic properties are different than the lone, fluoride ion.

Section 104 (I) (5) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) directs the Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the EPA, the Public Health Service and the National

Toxicology Program to initiate a program of research on fluoride safety. However, after almost 30 years of using Fluorosilicic acid and sodium fluorosilicate to fluoridate the drinking water, not one study has been commissioned.

The fluoride ion only hypothetically exists as an entity in an ideal solution of purified water – and tap water is far from pure H2O. All clinical research with animal models is done using 99.97% pure sodium fluoride and double distilled or deionized water. Among the thousands of clinical studies about fluoride, not one has been done with the pollution concentrate or typical tap water containing fluorides.

SYNERGY SOUP

The fluorosilicic acid is also contaminated with small traces of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, sulfates, iron and phosphorous, not to mention radionuclides. Some contaminants have the potential to react with the hexafluorosilicate radical and may act as complex ionic compounds. The biological fates and toxicokinetic properties of these complex ions are unknown.

The reality of artificial water fluoridation is so complex that determining the safety of the practice may be impossible. Tap water is chemically treated with chlorine, soluble silicates, phosphate polymers and many other chemicals. In addition, the source water itself may contain a variety of contaminants.

The addition of a fluoridation agent can create synergized toxicants in a water supply that have unique toxico-kinetic properties found only in that particular water supply. Consequently, any maladies resulting from chronic ingestion of the product likely would be dismissed as a local or regional anomaly unrelated to water fluoridation.

Technically, artificially fluoridating drinking water is a violation of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Under statutes of the SDWA, federal agencies are forbidden from endorsing, supporting, requiring or funding the practice of adding any chemicals to the water supply other than for purposes of water purification. However, the Public Health Service (PHS) applies semantics to circumvent Federal law in order to promote and fund the practice.

PHS states that they only recommend levels of fluorides in the drinking water, and it is the sole decision of a state or community to fluoridate drinking water.

Federal agencies are forbidden from directly funding or implementing water fluoridation but Federal Block Grants are given to States to use as they see fit. Through second and third parties (such as the American Dental Association, state health departments and state fluoridation coordinators), PHS encourages communities to apply for Federal Block Grant funds to implement fluoridation.

The legality of using of Federal Block Grant funds to fund water fluoridation, a practice prohibited by Federal law, has never been addressed in the courts.

Vendors selling the pollution concentrate as a fluoridation agent use a broad disclaimer found on the Material Data Safety Sheet that states: “no responsibility can be assumed by vendor for any damage or injury resulting from abnormal use, from any failure to adhere to recommended practices, or from any hazards inherent to the product.” [Emphasis added.]

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PHOSPHATE MINING – CHINA

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See also:

THE SECRET WAR – FLUORIDE POLLUTION – Dr. Geoffrey E. Smith

http://www.waterloowatch.com/hydrofluorosilicic%20acid.html

MOSAIC FERTILIZER FINED TWO BILLION DOLLARS

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Cadmium buildup in soils due to the use of fertilizer made with contaminated
Rock is raising concerns about human health and environmental damage…
Info on world production of phosphate fertiliser
 
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